Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Change Management - Essay Example In a world which is slowly shrinking, most organizations, especially multi-nationals, have a pool of employees spread across the world or they decide to outsource part of the staff internationally, where the new employees are from a different part of the world. This means immense cultural diversity and makes it a challenge to implement a uniform, organisation-wide change, where all employees would understand and agree with the change. Radically new technologies: Employees can be overwhelmed with the rapid advancement of technology, which could be challenging to work with in the absence of proper guidance, and make them feel inadequate. The point of origin of change: Change is mostly planned and initiated in the upper echelons of the organization because the need for change can be perceived by only those who have access to the bigger picture, or the external challenges like market forces and increasing competition. They know how the change would affect the organization as a whole, but there is usually no clear concept in the higher management about how the change would affect the worker on the floor, and hence they are often unable to communicate the consequences of change adequately, leaving the staff confused: â€Å"Many change projects are designed and launched at such a high level in the organization that all the planning is unrelated to the everyday, operational details that make up the lives of most workers. In such cases, the decision-makers often have no idea how changes will actually make anyone's life or job.

Should cigarette smoking be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should cigarette smoking be banned - Essay Example More than 18% of US adults smoke cigarettes, translating to approximately 42 million people and the number could be higher if underage smokers are put into consideration (Ostermann 35). Cigarette smoking is legal in the US, notwithstanding the fact that it is one of the leading causes of preventable deaths. This paper is a critical evaluation on why cigarette smoking should be banned. Cigarette smoking should be banned because it is harmful for the smoker’s health as well as that of those close to them. Cigarettes contain approximately 4000 harmful chemicals, some of which are carcinogens, meaning they can lead to development of cancer in smokers. Statistics indicate that more than 400000 people, in US, lose their lives every year due to smoking related illnesses, including cancer (Chen 44). When one inhales smoke from a burning cigarette, it gets into the lungs where chemicals are absorbed and distributed to other parts of the human body. The chemicals damage the DNA structures in different organs leading to abnormal cell growth and multiplication, which over time develop into cancer. Lung cancer is the leading consequence of cigarette smoking, followed by others such as; mouth cancer, kidney cancer and larynx cancer among others. Research shows that deaths arising from smoking related complications are far much higher than those resulting from abuse of a lcohol, road accidents and illegal substances, such as cocaine and heroin, as well as HIV/AIDS (Ostermann 68). Apart from cancer, studies show that regular smoking results to the depositing of chemicals in the blood vessels, which lead to blockage and interference in the blood flow. This means that the supply of oxygen to the brain, lower limbs as well as other important organs is inhibited. Consequently, the person suffers conditions such as dementia, impotence, high blood pressure, deterioration of the heart among others, which reduce the quality of life for the person involved. If a person

Effect of Technology on the Workplace

Effect of Technology on the Workplace Introduction: â€Å"Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous master† (Christian Lous Lange). The quote suggests that the way people perceive and adopt technology determines whether the result is an upgrading or de-skilling as an effect on their performance and expertise. The essay outline will comprise and cover : a definition of ‘technology and the concepts of technological determinism and organizational choice; an underline of the relationship between technology and organization; a specification of different challenges and inter organizational issues upon the introduction of new technologies that have impact on the skills and qualities of people. Finally, The example case study of Zeta- one of the top fifty software companies in The United States, will support the assumption that new technologies do not inevitably lead to de-skilling when they are understood, controlled and implemented carefully and professionally. Discussing technology in the context of contemporary society can be an ambiguous issue. The way that people understand this concept is as diverse as is the unique human personality. Instead of putting new technology in the frames of global computer networks, intelligent machines or â€Å"flying cars†, it is more reasonable to look at technology at an organizational level, as an irrefutable part of organizations structure, managerial decision making, employees performance and skills, and the overall welfare of each company. Therefore it will be useful first to introduce the concept of technology and to examine what changes and evolution it has undergone in the last centuries. While some people merely associate technology with its everyday practical meaning, a more comprehensive view will be to look beyond the notion of the simple usage and exploitation of technology and to focus on extent of interaction and mutual relationship between technology and organization (Corbett, M. and Scarbrough, H., 1992). At this point a distinction needs to be made between two concepts: technological determinism and organizational choice. As K. Grint and S. Woolgar suggest â€Å"technological determinism portrays technology as an exogenous and autonomous development which coerces and determines social and economic organizations and relationships† (Grint, K. and Woolgar, S., 1997:11). While this theory clearly signifies the impact of technology upon organizations and individuals in way that it encages people to transform and shape their skills accordingly to the technology, the concept of organizational choice highlights that â€Å"Technology has no impact on people o r performance in an organization independent of the purposes of those who would use it, and the responses of those who have to work with it†( Buchanan and Huczynski 1985:222, cited by Corbett and Scarbrough 1992:5). Referring these concepts to the theories and practices of Henry Ford where technology as well as workers were tools for maximizing profit and comparing it with nowadays organizations where individuals rights and qualities are of main concern, a pattern of development of technologys role in the organization can be observed. Looking at different interpretations of new technology, it will be helpful to understand the relationship between technology and organization, the problems and setbacks that may occur during its implementation and the employees and managers adaptation and behavior towards such issues. Turning back to the 40s of 20th century, the time when Henry Ford introduced the assembly line into his company, is one of the most relevant examples to examine the impact that this new technology had on the skills , productivity and efficiency of the workers. Although at first the implication of the assembly line was conceived as a beneficial, efficient and innovative tool, rising the profitability of the company rapidly, the myth was soon crushed by decreasing enthusiasm, low skilled labor force , high turnover and lack of interest and motivation- the worst scenario for an organization. This was the inevitable result of a profit driven management and wrong process of technology introduction, encircled in using power, force and alienation and trying to increase morale by offering higher wages. New technology incited â€Å"counter-productive effects on employees†, â€Å"deskilling and degradation of jobs† and feeling of human beings â€Å"controlled by the technologyâ €  (Grint,k. and Woolgar,S. 1997:120,121). However, these results were not simply implied by technology itself but by the lack of any managerial methods and changes towards the obvious deterioration of employees and thus companys development, which lead to the tight relationship between organizations and technology. Since the time of Ford a lot has changed, going through Post-Fordism methods which are concentrated â€Å"to increase the skill levels and flexibility and to provide teamwork structures† (Grint,k. and Woolgar,S. 1997:122) and reaching nowadays organizations, where management is highly concerned with providing cooperative and inspiring atmoshpere and flexible, knowlegeable employees who can easily adopt to the new technology changes and challenges.As Autor, Kratz and Krueger (1998) indicate, the introduction of computers in the 1970s has lead to a stable increase in the demand for educated workers and has â€Å"upgraded faster the skills of the workforce† (cited by Helpman and Rangel, 1999: 361). The following part will discuss the skill, knowledge and identity of technology users, the introduction of technology and the managerial and workers perceptions of it, and the problems that can occur in organizations and how they can be overcome. First, it will be useful to define ‘skill and its role in the implementing of technology and managerial decision making. According to Steven Wood, there is a need to distinguish between the different â€Å"types of skills particularly what might be called tacit skills exercised by people even in those jobs which are labeled unskilled and/or ostensibly routine in nature† (Wood, S., Acta Sociologica 1987:7). When talking about tacit knowledge, it is connected to individual experience and qualities which can be slightly different from the skills that are required in a particular working environment for the fact that people have different way of reacting to stressful situations or implementation of new and complicated technology or any kind of innovation. In this context we can outline the different physical and mental discomforts like anxiety, sleeplessness, pressure and alienation that may result from the introduction of new technology as Turnage (1990) suggests. Therefo re, when an issue like this occurs, managers should stress their actions on looking on the individuals level of qualities and characteristics in order to support the adaptation and productive change of the worker. As Burkhardt and Brass suggest â€Å"a change by individuals results in a change in the entire system†(1990: 105). When talking about human involvement with technology in an organizational environment some aspects of social interaction must be observed, like power, meaning and norms. Although a lot has changed since the time of Henry Ford, there are still sectors of the market like the retail sector or the banks where there is a have strict hierarchy and pressure due to the excessive control and power of the management may cause the implementation process to enflame strains and conflicts among the employees. Such results may also be a consequence of the conflict of interests between the employer and the workers as they have different perceptions of technology. While the employer is concerned with the efficiency of the new technology, the employee is concerned with issues like the technical skills and knowledge that must be obtained, the responsibility and implications of the technological change(Corbett Scarbrough,1992). Although users have the capacity to control the interaction with technology and the flexibility to attribute in the relationship between technology and organization ,their level of interpretation is constrained by institutional contexts, economic conditions and government regulations which act as norms in the organizational environment(Orlikowski,1991). Both creative human action and manipulation over the technology and the non-direct factors mentioned above, can have an impact on the skills and expertise of the personnel and therefore it is crucial to maintain the right shaping of the technology process in order to develop a working environment consisting of respect, creativity and prosperity. Such atmosphere can be created only by adequate intervention of the managers. Although â€Å"managers are usually presumed to influence the extent to which the innovation is adapted and used by their subordinates† (Leonard-BartonDeschamps,1988:1252), it is suggested that the influence of the managers is not always perceived equally by all employees. This is a result of the different level of knowledge and skills possessed by the workers and the personal characteristics and individual features discussed above. Therefore, a very detailed knowledge of the skills and qualities of the employees as long as a productive cooperative environment needs to be included in the implementation process of new technologies. Instead of using hierarchical means of power and control, the â€Å"managerial attention should first focus on providing and advertising an adequate infrastructure supporting the innovation and then turn attention to directly motivating the later adopters† (Leonard-B artonDeschamps,1988:1262). Here, it can be highlighted the meaning of the theory of organizational choice as â€Å"It is only through human action that technology qua technology can be understood† (Orlikowski,1992:409). The following example will once more underline the assumption that implementation of new technologies does not inevitably lead to deskilling if the organization understands technology-organization relationship and acts reasonably and accurately to the problems that may occur. Zeta is a software company, operating on the territory of the United states and is one of the top 50 software companies in the country with around 1000employees and 100million US dollars in revenues. In 1992 the company decided to buy and adopt a new software which would support the faster and more convenient processing of information. The study, made in the company for a period of 2 years, tracked the introduction process of this new technology and the changes that occurred within the organization. The final conclusion of the study was that â€Å"department had built on its successful implementation of groupware in interesting ways, and over the past two years had enacted significant organizational changes in a number of areas: nature and distribution of work, form of collaboration, utilization and dissemination of knowledge, and coordination with internal and external units† ( Orlikowski, 1995:1). However, the process of implementation did not happened without any setbacks. Let us look at some consequences of the introduction of the new technology on the employees skills and on the working environment as a whole. The study suggested that there were not only technical problems that physically slowed down the working process but also an atmosphere of tension, low motivation, low efficiency and tiredness among the working team due to this technical problems. Despite the logical conclusion that the implementation of this technology lead to general deskilling in the organization, the mangers succeeded to prove otherwise. For a very short period of time, the managerial strategy experienced significant changes in the sphere of: process and performance monitoring, cooperative culture, professional identity and autonomy, collaboration and team-work. These changes were a result of interviews, meetings and courses that were regularly appointed in which employees strengthened their team spirit as well as their individual qualities and knowledge (Orlikowski,1995). The de-skilling effect noticed in the beginning was rapidly overcome due to the adequate decisions made by the managers and the necessary attention paid to the problems in order for rational actions to be undertaken. In the case of Zeta Corporation , the introduction of new technology was implemented through the prism of organizational choice, with significant understanding of the power, meaning and norms in the organization-technology relationship, managerial support and decision-making and expertise over employees skills , needs and development. Conclusion: Introduction of new technologies has been an ambiguous issue, since â€Å" its multifaceted nature makes control extremely difficult to achieve† (Corbett Scarbrough, 1992:89). Having discussed the main features of technology-organization relationship, the setbacks and possible difficulties it may induce into the managerial and working environment , this essay suggests that the implementation of new technologies does not inevitably lead to de-skilling if understood and controlled adequately. The case of Zeta Corporation supports the argument that the above mentioned challenges should be considered as a positive, skill-upgrading and beneficial tool which would improve peoples knowledge and expertise. After all,† Technology should be an important ingredient. It may be and should be a tool for social development† (Alexander Kwasniewski). Bibliography: Scarbrough,H. Corbett,J.M. (1992) Technology and organization Grint,K. Woolgar,S. (1997) The Machine at Work: Technology, Work and Organization Orlikowski, W. (1995) Evolving with Notes: Organizational Change around Groupware Technology, available online : ftp://ftp.unibocconi.it/pub/corsi/strut738/progetti/IT/evolv.htm Leonard-Barton,D. Deschamps,I. (1988) Management Science, 34 (10) p.1252-1265; Available from: JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2632162 Orlikowski, W. (1992) The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations, Organizational Science, 3 (3) p. 398-427 Available from : JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2635280 Wood,S. (1987) The Deskilling Debate, New technology and Work Organization, Acta Sociologica, 30 (3) p.3-24 ; Available from: http://asj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/3 Helpman,E. Rangel,A. (1999) Adjustment to a New technology: Experience and Training, Journal of Economic Growth, 4: 359-383 Turnage, J. (1990) The Challenge of New Workplace Technology for Psychology, American Psychologist, 45(2), 171-178 Burkhardt,M. Brass,D. (1990) Changing Patterns or Patterns-o f Change: The Effects of a Change in Technology on Social Network Structure and Power, Administrative Science Quarterly,35, p.104-127

Capital Punishment and the Bible Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ess

Capital Punishment and the Bible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment has always been an arguable issue and for good reason. The Old Testament clearly calls for the death penalty on many occasions, whereas; many of the teachings of Jesus and others in the New testament readily denounce it.   Therefore, both advocates ands opponents of capital punishment have Biblical references to support their beliefs.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opponents use the creation story to show that all are created in God's image.   Genesis 1:27a states that â€Å"God created man in his image.†1   God, thus, has the power to give and take away life as he chooses.   All men are to preserve life to the best of their ability.   M. Margaret Falls says that we cannot treat people as mere instruments to personal survival, success or fulfillment.2      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advocates will also utilize Genesis   1:27 to prove that because man is created in God's image, man must preserve as many lives as possible,   Therefore, the death of one, who has murdered many, will spare the useless and countless deaths of others.   God's command to preserve life seems much more important here than the preservation of criminals.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital punishment is never used legitimately in the New Testament. Jesus' constant preaching of love and forgiveness shows his contempt for the harming of others.   One example of love is found in John 15:17 â€Å"This is my command:   Love each other.†Ã‚   An example of forgiveness is Matthew 6:14 â€Å"For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.†      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jesus practiced what he preached by not condemning guilty persons.   In John 8:1-11, Jesus did not let the people stone a wom... ...    Falls, M. Margaret, The Christian Century, â€Å"Against the Death Penalty: A Christian Stance in a Secular World, The Christian Century Foundation, Cicero, IL, 1986.    Finlay, Terence J., The Ten Commandments, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, NY, 1961.    Harrison, R. K., Numbers An Exegetical Commentary, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1992.    Hoekema, David, The Christian Century, â€Å"Capital Punishment:   The Question of Justification, The Christian Century Foundation, Chicago, IL, 1979.    Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, MI, 1973.    Kaiser, Walter C. Jr., Hard Sayings of the Old Testament, InerVarsity Press, Downers Grove, IL, 1988.    Steffen, Lloyd, Christianity and Crisis, â€Å"Casting the First Stone,† Christianity and Crisis, Inc., Syracuse, NY, 1990.   

The American Dream Is Sublime Motivation

â€Å"You can have anything you want, if you want it badly enough. You can be anything you want to be, do anything you set out to accomplish if you hold to that desire with singleness of purpose† said one of America’s founding father’s, Abraham Lincoln. America, the land of the free, the home of the brave. A country where it doesn’t matter what color of skin a person has, how tall or short they are, or what family they came from; but what does matter is values, and the amount of courage people have. The opportunities in America are endless, and for that reason, people in other countries would do anything to live the American Dream .People will journey far and wide, traverse the entire continent, suffer all manner of pain and suffering, if they believe that, in the end, they will be rewarded, and there is nothing quite like survival to motivate people. The ancient tale of â€Å"The American Dream† has been pursued by many, but only few make it all th e way. The novel The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the two poems, â€Å"Dream Deferred†, by Langston Hughes, and â€Å"American Dream of Reality†, by Ivy S. , Loganville, all portray the American dream. Today, many oversee life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness instead they all think of fame, fortune, and respect.But even though not everyone can achieve these, without dreams or goals what would America be? The American dream is sublime motivation for accomplishing ones goals and producing achievements, however when tainted with wealth the dream becomes devoid and hollow. The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald embodies many themes, however the most evident one relates to the corruption of the American Dream in the 1920’s where the â€Å"Dream† had been corrupted by the pursuit of wealth. When the American Dream was pure, motivation and ambition were key aspects to achieving life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.In Gatsby’s earli er days he upheld towards the pure American Dream. â€Å"No wasting time at Shafters, No more smoking or chewing, Read one improving book or magazine per week, Save $3. 00 per week, Be better to parents† (Fitzgerald, 182). This is where Gatsby describes his newly revised schedule and how he prepares to become a better person. Though, in the story Gatsby destroys the true American Dream through his materialism. He no longer strives for the more precious things in life, but chases after Daisy’s love. Gatsby became corrupted because his main goal was to have Daisy, and from here money was everything to him and all he wanted to do was impress Daisy. Daisy symbolizes wealth and takes on the characteristics of money, â€Å"Her voice is full of money†(Fitzgerald, 127). His mansion and parties were all part of the plan to try and win Daisy over, the tainted dream was so empty that having accouterments of wealth could provoke feelings of love. â€Å"He’s the man who fixed the World Series back in 1919† (Fitzgerald, 78). The dream became so focused on money that any means of a obtaining it were overlooked, even if it was unprincipled. Ignorance and the ideal of looking out for oneself is prevalent.Where as, in the pure American Dream striving to accomplish ones own personal goal is ones main focus. One should use the American Dream for motivation and hope that one can achieve ones personal goal. The American Dream should not be centered on money and other materialistic things like Gatsby, but on a real goal that has true value. Imagine a bleak and empty future with nothing to look forward to, and in which not even a single good intention manifests into something any more tangible than a wish. Langston Hughes asks the profound question: What happens to a dream deferred?The truth is that if a person if forced to delay his or her dreams, only negativity can be found. The poem depicts certain human emotions when one cannot reach their goal s or dreams. In other words the poem asks: If your dreams remain out of reach, do you shrivel, drawing inward as hope becomes less and less? Or does the inaccessibility of your dreams create tension? Does the distance of the dream create frustration and anger, corrupting the soul and eventually creating an explosion of action or emotion? Langston Hughes uses a unique style, language, and diction to portray his point about dreams. Does it dry up, like a raisin in the sun? †(2-3) This symbolizes a hardening, from a grape to a raisin. If a dream is destroyed it hardens the heart. It becomes useless just the like the dried up raisin. Hughes also suggests that maybe unrealized dreams are a â€Å"heavy load† which symbolizes a burden, something to heavy to bear, something that weighs a person down always. This poem is like the American Dream, if you do not pursue your dream right away it may slip away from you and eventually it will be gone. The American Dream can be fulfille d through hard word work and passion, it will not come easy.Everyone has the opportunity to grasp the chance to become successful through dreams and goals. Langston Hughes realized the importance of dreams and having those dreams torn apart. His poem, â€Å"Dream Deferred†, uses strong images to create a picture of a negative and destructive outcome for a dreamer left unable to dream. â€Å"Nothing can stop a man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude†, Thomas Jefferson. â€Å"So this is where all the dreaming takes me, to a cold, empty reality†, this is the opening line of the poem â€Å"The Dream of Reality†, by Ivy S. , Loganville.Most dreams are meant to be dreams for a reason, but no matter how unreal it may seem, anything is possible with hard work and determination. Many Americans under estimate their power they hold within themselves to accomplish goals, and assume t hey can never amount to what they â€Å"dreamt† to be. Reality strikes millions of people like a ton of bricks every day. â€Å"I’m barefoot and the streets are rough, paved with broken glass, but that’s okay, cause the land is flowing with milk and honey, bread and butter, and justice. † Life is not a promising thing, even though you may have a dream, that doesn’t mean you will fulfill them.Those who find this out quickly enough face the real, cold, harsh world. At those times, the simpler things in life have to be realized. America lets its people roam free, it gives its people food to live, and it gives it’s people protection. A lot of countries have none of these things, concluding why America has so many immigrants, because they want to experience the â€Å"American Dream†. The American Dream is a great experience, but like â€Å"The Dream of Reality†, it doesn’t always workout as people â€Å"dream† it to be . â€Å"With sleep still in my eyes, shivering, confused, I must’ve overslept, now it’s time to wake up†.Dreaming is one of the best things a person can do and everyone has to have dreams, but sometimes when you open your eyes too the real world things seem to change, either for the better or the worse. Without dreams, what can someone’s future look like? If there is no goal to shoot for, what keeps people motivated to try and achieve something each and every day? Everyone needs a dream; it’s what keeps the viscous circle of life moving. The ancient tale of â€Å"The American Dream† has been pursued by many, but only few make it all the way. Though, with hard work and etermination the possibilities are endless. America is one of the very few places that give people an opportunity for success, and when people take advantage of it, good things can happen. The novel The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the two poems, â€Å"Dream Defer red†, by Langston Hughes, and â€Å"American Dream of Reality†, by Ivy S. , Loganville, all portray the American dream. Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are often times overlooked for fame and fortune, but when it comes down to it money doesn’t make you happy, it’s the simpler things that can bring happiness into someone’s life.

Economic recession Essay

Economic recession is a period of economic decline; it means that there is a drop in the stock market, and an increase in unemployment but also a decline in the housing market. It also means that in Tourism, the residents of UK will have to will choose to holiday at home as the http://www. independent. co. uk infers ‘’ Grounded by the diminishing value of the pound and fears about the recession, record numbers of Britons will choose to holiday at home this summer. ‘’ Source – http://www. independent. co. uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/its-an-ill-wind-uk-tourism-finds-recession-is-so-bracing-1522542. html Additionally, the research by Visit Britain, the tourism authority, has shown that 74 % of people are trying to reduce their holiday spending, and are spending more time planning their trips to maximize value, a cottage in Britain where you can just pack the car up and take all your own food suggests that you’ve got greater control. However reducing the holiday spending is not the major problem, as there has been a big change in visits to Britain – official figures have revealed that the number of tourists who visited the UK from overseas in 2009 suffered a 7% decline on the previous year to 29.57 million. The data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) also showed that the number of UK residents who made trips abroad fell 15% last year to 58. 53 million. But visitors to the UK spent around ? 16. 48 billion, or 1% more last year than they did in 2008, a contrast to UK residents’ expenses while abroad, which amounted to ? 31. 85 billion – a 14% fall on figures from 2008. The recession also had an impact on the number of trips UK residents took abroad last year. The figure fell 16% to 38. 44 million, while business trips were down 22% and visits to friends and relatives (VFR) abroad fell 7%. By contrast, more foreigners visited the UK on holiday, with the numbers rising 3% last year, although the overall total suffered with business trips falling 20%. The ONS also recorded a fall of 10% in the number of VFR trips to the UK last year. Records also reveal that UK residents took 21% fewer trips to North America last year and 15% fewer trips to Europe. Source – http://www. statistics. gov. uk/hub/index. html Source – http://uk. reuters. com/article/2009/07/16/us-britain-travel-idUKTRE56F3FX20090716 QUALITY OF GOOD AND SERVICES Most visitors that come to United Kingdom have clear expectations about what they must pay for, but most of all; they are hoping that the quality of what they pay for is worth their money. The concept of value for money is closely related to price but also involves other quality criteria. The English Tourism Council’s has set up star rating that let the visitors to be informed before they book accommodation to recognise quality and to differentiate levels of facilities and services which as potential guests they can expect, so that it can help them to match their needs and ensure they are not disappointed. The star rating gives an overall judgement of quality including comfort, space, facilities, and cleanliness, and can be used by both domestic and inbound tourits. One star indicates that the place is acceptable overall of quality. There is also adequate provision of furniture, furnishings, and fittings. Hotels that have only one star are usually small, and privately owned. Dinner may not be offered. Two star hotels are also usually small, and privately owned, including resort hotels, and commercial hotels. Accommodation offers a good degree of space and convenience. Furnishings may be simple but are well maintained in all the bedrooms. Breakfast is offered daily to residents and their guests. Dinner is available at least five nights per week. Three star hotels indicates that it is a more formal style of hotel with a greater range of facilities and services such as colour television, telephones, radios, desk etc. There are also public areas including lounge seating, restaurants or bars. Dinner will be provided seven nights per week and light snack lunches are available in the bar or lounge, together with a wide range of drinks. Additionally, there’s also laundry service available. Four star hotels infers that there is a luxury quality with services to match, for example, there is a selection of catering options all offering cuisine and service of the highest international quality. There is also highly trained, professional staff providing exceptional levels of anticipatory service. Source – http://www. britainexpress. com/oxford-hotels/star-ratings. htm EXCHANGE RATES The value of one currency against another currency is known as the foreign exchange rate. Exchange rates are an important factor in determining patterns of holiday taking, as any rise in the value of the pound will encourage outbound tourism, particularly if it involves the leading destinations countries. The value of the pound, or sterling, against another currency affects the cost of coming here for inbound tourists. It can affect negatively if it is more expensive to visit UK, but also can affect positively it is cheaper to visit UK. It is more likely that the appeal to tourist will increase when sterling is weak, as they will get more pounds for their money. Conversely, if sterling is strong, overseas visitors get less pounds in exchange for their money and are less likely to want to come here. In recent years sterling has been very strong against the dollar, or the dollar has been weak against sterling – which amounts to the same thing. This has meant that it has been relatively cheap for UK outbound tourists to visit the United States and more expensive for Americans to come to the UK. As VisitBritain. org have suggested that due to the dollar being weak against sterling, America perceived United Kingdom, as an expensive place to visit – the cost of accommodation, transport, and food has been highlighted by Americans as being really high priced. If the pas is riding high against most other currencies, it allows the British to budget for their holidays abroad with unusual freedom of choice, because the UK holidaymakers get much more for their money. For example, the rate of exchange with the Spanish peseta, the French franc, and the US dollar influences over 60 % of the holidays taken abroad by the British. The exchange rates depend on the strength or the weakness of sterling but they are also affected by the internal strength of currencies in main destination countries like France or Spain. At the moment the strenght of the pound sterling against other currencies looks as following Source  http://fx-rate.net/

top events of 1968 essays

top events of 1968 essays After reading through newspaper articles for the year 1968, I realized that the year was quite an eventful one. Politically, socially and economically speaking, the country endured a great deal of influential circumstances. Although the studying of vast articles from the New York Times succeeded in painting a clear, factual picture of that turbulent year, I was still eager to discover how incidents affected people growing up in that era. This fueled my motivation to begin the interviewing process, and to choose participants. In the end, I decided to interview my father, Mr. John Arthur Bartle, and a friend of my mothers, Mrs. Linda Pacelli. Although both came from completely different backgrounds, and both have differing views, their stories and descriptions were equally fascinating. Since I grew up with both my parents, I assumed that I knew a great deal about my father, John Bartle. I could not have been more wrong! I had heard stories about his being in the United States Airforce, but I never knew the governing factors surrounding them. It turns out that in 1968, my father, age twenty-two, was stationed in Spain. Apparently, he had enlisted in the Airforce because he was about to be drafted, and he claimed, There was no way in hell I was going to Vietnam. He said he had even considered running to Canada. Much to my surprise, my father revealed that he had been part of the counterculture during that time, and also vehemently opposed the war. I could not quite picture my father that way, for today he fits the description of a hard-working, clean-cut, rigid, white-collared father of three. My father was interesting to interview since he was overseas for 1968, and learned of all American events second hand. My interview with Linda Pacelli showed a sharp contrast with that of my fathers. Linda, nineteen years old at the time, was attending St. Lawrence University during the year of 1968. She...

Hey Nutrition Essay Example

Hey Nutrition Essay Example Hey Nutrition Paper Hey Nutrition Paper 1. PROTEIN is composed of amino acids. It is required to synthesize and repair muscle and other tissues and maintain fluid and acid-base balance in the body. Proteins also function as enzymes, hormones, and transporters. If necessary, the body uses protein to meet energy needs (4 kcals per gram). Excess kcals from protein are stored as body fat. If you consumed 60 grams of protein in a day, how many kcals would this convert to? (Choose your answer and delete the rest). (1 point) b) 240 kcals 2. The AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for daily intake of protein is 10% 35% of an adult’s calorie needs (see Chapter 2, page 50: 57. 31 grams. (1 point) Answer:83. 89 4. Refer to your All Nutrients Spreadsheet and determine which DAY (1, 2, or 3) had the LOWEST intake of protein. List the DAY and the total amount of protein in GRAMS (See â€Å"Day Total† in bold at the end of each day in the Prot (g) column). Example: Day 2 = 39. 4 grams. (1 point) Answer: Day 1= 76 grams 5. The RDA for protein is based on an individual’s body weight. Most healthy adults need 0. 8 grams of protein for every kilogram (kg) of body weight (see Chapter 6, pages 242 243). In general, Americans are either meeting or exceeding their protein needs. Determine YOUR protein requirements by converting your body weight from pounds to kilograms and multiplying by 0. 8. There are 2. 2 kilograms in a pound (so your weight in kg should be a LOWER number than your weight in lbs). SHOW YOUR WORK for full credit. Example: 120 lbs / 2. 2 = 54. 54 kg x 0. 8 grams = 43. 63 grams of protein. (2 points) Answer:154lbs/2. 2=70kg x 0. 8 grams = 56 grams of protein 6. Look at your answers on the two previous questions. How did your protein intake on your â€Å"lowest day† compare to the protein RDA you calculated? (Choose your answer and delete the rest). (1 point) MET or EXCEEDED Calculated Protein RDA 7. Determine what PERCENTAGE of your daily kcals came from protein by EITHER listing the number listed on your Calorie and Fat Sources Report (Sources of CaloriesBox)OR by dividing your ACTUAL intake of protein (in kcals) by your TOTAL daily kcals. Example: ? 57. 3 g Protein x 4 kcals/g = 229 kcals from Protein /1333 total kcals = 17%. (1 point) Answer: 26% 8. How did your intake compare to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Protein? (Choose your answer and delete the rest). (1 point) MET the Recommendation (10% 35% of kcals) 9. Which meal (Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, or Snack) represented your HIGHEST intake of protein (see Meal Assessment Report )? List the MEAL and the PERCENTAGE of total protein it accounted for. Example: Breakfast, 43%. (1 point) Answer: Dinner 36% 10. A) Explain why plant proteins (other than soy) are considered â€Å"incomplete† and why animal proteins (from meat, dairy, and eggs) are considered and â€Å"complete†. Refer to your textbook if necessary (Chapter 6, pages 239 242). B) List your 2 BEST sources of protein (see All Nutrients Spreadsheet (Prot (g) Column). Indicate whether they are complete or incomplete. (2 points) Part A: A complete protein (animal protein) is a source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of all nine of the necessary for the dietary needs of humans or other animals. Some incomplete protein (plant protein) sources may contain all essential amino acids, but a complete protein contains them in correct proportions for supporting biological functions in the human body. Part B: Fish Chicken 11. VEGETARIAN CASE STUDY. Erin is a 26-year-old college student. She weighs 145 pounds and is moderately active. She is also a lacto-ovo vegetarian. On a typical day, Erin eats at least 3 meals, meets her energy needs, and includes a variety of foods in her diet. Two of the following statements below are CORRECT. Choose your answers and delete the rest. (1 point) b) She includes milk and eggs in her diet but restricts meatd) The quality and amount of protein in her diet is probably adequate 12. VEGAN CASE STUDY. Randi is 18-years-old and has recently decided to become a vegan. She weighs 124 pounds, tends to be a rigid eater, and doesn’t do very well at including complementary proteins in her diet. Although there are certainly benefits to a plant-based diet, she’s been told that vegans are at a higher risk for certain nutrient deficiencies and other health problems. Refer to Chapter 6 in your textbook (pages 248 255). A) List at least 4 nutrients that are more likely to be missing or insufficient in a vegan diet AND B) List at least 4 health problems or conditions that can result from an insufficient intake of protein. (2 points) Part A: Vit-D, Vit-B12, protein, calcium Part B: marasmus, kwashiorkor, low energy, poor immune system, bone health issues 13. ATHLETE CASE STUDY. Landon is a 34-year-old athlete. He weighs 165 pounds and competes in marathons and other high-endurance sports. The protein requirement for athletes is typically 1. 0 1. 5 grams per kilogram of body weight. For high-endurance and/or competitive athletes, up to 2. 0 grams per kilogram of body weight is recommended. Assume that Landon needs 1. 5 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. A) Determine Landon’s protein needs (in grams). Assume that he needs 1. 5 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. SHOW YOUR WORK for full credit. B) List at least 4 health problems or conditions that can result from excessive intake of protein (Chapter 6, pages 248 255). (2 points) Part A: 165lbs/2. 2=75kgx1. 5grams=112. 5 grams Part B: cardiovascular disease, kidney stones, osteoporosis, some types of cancer 14. A) Evaluate your intake of protein. Are you consuming more or less than you realized? What food sources of protein are most common in your diet (plant or animal sources)? Are you getting enough or too much? Is this something you’re concerned about? Why or why not? B) Identify at least one SPECIFIC and measurable improvement in regards to your protein intake that you’re willing to make starting this week. A measurable goal usually has numbers and/or a time frame in it (i. e. â€Å"Right now, most of my protein is coming from animal sources that are also high in fat. This week, I’m going to replace at least ONE high-fat animal product PER DAY with a healthier choice (like fish, yogurt, low-fat milk, nuts, beans, seeds, an egg sandwich, etc†). (2 points) Personal Evaluation: I am ok with the amount of protein in my diet. I think most of my sources of protein are healthy sources like fish and yogurt. I feel like I am pretty aware of the protein in my diet and am satisfied with the ratio. Specific Goal: Right now, most of my protein is coming from animal sources that are also low in fat. This week, I’m going to experiment and try to eat a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian diet an see how I feel as well as measure my protein intake vs. fat intake. 15. APPLICATION QUESTION Select and complete an Application Activity from the list of options (also linked on the homepage). List the NUMBER and DESCRIPTION (in bold lettering on the list). Report on what you did and what you learned. Your answer should be at least 4 lines long and demonstrate that you took this assignment seriously. Alternatively, you can read Fighting Inflammation (Published in the Nutrition Action Health Letter, Nov 2011) and write a synopsis of the article. Your summary needs to be at least 6 lines long and include specific content from the article. Please also include what you learned and how you plan to apply this information. (5 points) Application Activity ___Fighting Inflammation_ (or Read â€Å"Fighting Inflammation† Article) Answer: â€Å"Heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, the metabolic syndrome, physical disability. That’s just a partial list of the illnesses that have been linked to chronic inflammation. It’s different from the classic, red, swelling, white-cell kind of inflammation that we’re used to thinking of, explains Walter Willett, chair of the Nutrition Department at the Harvard School of Public Health. Instead, it’s more of a slow burn that’s detected only by a rise in inflammatory signals, or markers- proteins produced by the immune system to fight infection or heal an injury (though not the kind of injury you can necessarily see or feel). The question is: how can you douse the flames? So far, only one thing is clear, says Willett. The most powerful way to reduce your inflammatory factors is to lose excess weight. †(Nutrition Action Health Letter, November 2011) This very first portion of the article had me hooked. But my mind instantly thought inflammation, like cut your finger accidentally and the area will swell, redden, and heat up. I then learned this type of acute inflammatory response is the bodys reaction to trauma, and its an essential part of the healing process. But inflammation can be harmful when it hangs around too long and refuses to leave. When the inflammation switch refuses to turn off, the body operates as if it is always under attack and the older we get, the more likely this is to happen. White blood cells flood the system for weeks, months, and even years. While anti-inflammatory drugs do exist, they can injure the stomach or suppress the immune system. Fortunately, the situation can be remedied by a change in diet, specifically by altering the kinds of fats you eat. Omega-3 fatty acids tend to decrease inflammation while omega-6 fats and trans-fats increase inflammation. Most of all the small statement ? ose excess weight? Left the bells in my head ringing. I want to monitor my diet more closely and implement some of these eating habits and increase healthy foods like, fish, nuts, seeds, oils, lean grass-fed meats, fruits, vegetables and spices such as turmeric, cloves, and ginger to see if I notice a difference in the way I feel.

Amorok by Mike Oldfield

Coming from the mastermind behind Tubular Bells, comes an album title you shouldnt confuse for Ragnarok. This hour long song/album is nothing but atmosphere, instrumentals and progressive rock in general.If you all DONT know by now, I love progressive rock because of the technicality, what you can do with it, some of the stories;if any, and the atmosphere behind it all. Mike Oldfield surely gets a reward for all of the following that I mentioned. There are flowing transitions everywhere, some crazy and some relaxing sound effects and synths, and some sick instrumentals. For those of you who are well versed in Morse Code, you may want to look out especially at around the 48 minute mark. Oldfield has a message to Virgin Records telling them how much he dislikes the,label with the phrase F$k off, RB which is not exactly nessessary but The More You Know. While some of the sounds and sections get repetitive at times, you cant help but like the very soothing and sometimes hypnotic synths present within. The hour long song has arrived people, enjoy it and worship it if you will. I give this album a 9.5/10.

Study plan (essay) for studying abroad application Essay

Study plan ( ) for studying abroad application - Essay Example I anticipate to study international law, environmental economics, global environmental system, and introduction to environmental science. These subjects will broaden my knowledge in global environment and prepare me for future career as an environment professional at UNEP, which is my dream career. According to Stanley (2004, pp31-32), international law entails a variety of treaties and traditions, which control the conduct of sovereign states among themselves and people who trade or have legal relationships that involve the jurisdiction of more than one state. Since my future dream is to work with UNEP, studies in environmental economics, global environmental system and international law will equip me with necessary knowledge and skills to work in the international organization. In my academic sojourn in Korea, I intend to finally specialize in environmental science and international law. By studying these courses, I want to achieve knowledge on how environmental issues are dealt with not only in Korea but also globally. Currently, the world is facing a myriad of environmental challenges, such as climatic change, disasters and conflicts, ecosystem management, emission of harmful substances to the environment in addition to improper utilization of natural resources (United Nations Environment Programme, 2004, p14). I intend to enroll in the college of law, technology and in college of science at Korea University. At the college of law, I aspire to study courses in international and environmental law, in addition to human rights law. In the college of science and technology I intend to enroll for environmental engineering courses, which will equip me with relevant knowledge and skills. These include offering amicable solutions to global warming, and initiating environmentally friendly initiatives. Outside the classroom, I want to learn more about the Korean culture, especially gaining more understanding on their language and other

Leadership themes in World and American Hist Essay

Leadership themes in World and American Hist - Essay Example Subsequently, Deng implemented a development plan for the foundation of the Chinese economy known as the ‘Four Modernization policy’ (Benson, 2013). The approach focused on key development sectors such as agriculture, defense, industrialization, science, and technology. According to Benson (2013), Deng paid more attention to agriculture since it was the main economic and social activity in China (80%). Investing in agriculture would reduce poverty and hunger levels; hence, increasing the national economic growth. The modernization of the industry had more setbacks compared to other policies leading to a slow growth (Benson, 2013). However, agriculture provided a foundation for science and technology that would be used in mechanization of agriculture and production of ammunition for the military. Additionally, it also attracted urban and rural workers due to the high pays leading to higher rates of economic development. In the long-run, the economic growth under Deng’s reign attracted foreign investors that also contributed positively to the development. China also signed international treaties that linked its market to the global markets. The foundation of the CPP was a major political revolution in China under Deng (Benson, 2013). However, he had to change the political ideologies of most of the leaders. Consequently, he initiated a plan to eliminate some of the higher-ranking leaders in the party to ensure that the new members would follow his rule. He slowly dismantled China’s socialist ideas by adopting the Marxist-Leninist thought. The proposal had both political and economic benefits since his network of leaders made sure that it infiltrated the Chinese villages (Benson, 2013). China was under an imperial leadership structure that did not allow for any uprising from the public. Deng presented a political ideology that was recognized internationally mostly due to the previous notion of the enemy and

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Communication - Essay Example The story kept me in suspense. There was no predictability in the plot, which always kept you guessing as to what will happen to the characters. I was half-way through the story and yet I cannot anticipate how the story will end. The main issues in the story remain unresolved even after the story ended. The story keeps running on my mind because I am trying to process the story. There is no clarity and closure even at the end. All throughout the story, I seem to be waiting for a greater surprise as to what will be the ending. The author’s style is to slowly bring the reader to the awareness of the twist in the story. The theme of running away is repeated all throughout and it is presented as an unacceptable option. The story depicts several forms of complicated relationships. The relationship between romantic partners, that of Clark and Carla, the relationship between a parent and a child, that of Carla and her parents and the relationship between friends, that of Carla and Mr s. Jamieson. â€Å"Runaway† also presents the inner struggles of a woman, her weaknesses and her strengths. It shows how sometimes a woman acts differently outside, not letting her inner being reflect her actions. The story is presented in a lucid and vivid manner but I am confused whether I like the characters or not. All the characters in the story starting from Carla, Clark, and Mrs. Jamieson surprise me as to their real persona. They are not predictable. I just cannot anticipate their actions. Munro’s writing style is one wherein she predicts her readers’ thoughts and perceptions and then she disproves the readers’ expectations by writing the opposite of what they expect. This is one quality that I admire in Munro’s literary style. It kept me at the edge of my seat. The characters are described in details which reflect true to life people. It is through this detailed characterization that one can feel an emotional attachment to the characters. I just cannot stop thinking about the characters even after reading the story. I had to analyze each character and explain to myself why they reacted in a certain way when faced with the situations in the story. I also cannot stop wondering what will happen to them in the future. Carla, the main character of â€Å"Runaway† suffered from indecision all throughout the story. Carla depicts a character with an impulsive emotion. She feels lost but she has no roots. I think Carla thought she could run away from her husband but she was actually incapable of doing so. As described in Bruner’s ten features of narrative, I can say that running away from Clark is her intentional state but as we can see from the ending of the story, her intentional state did not determine the ending of story. She wanted to runaway but later on changed her mind. She wanted to change her life abruptly but suddenly while in the bus decides to get-off. There seems to be an onset of a different set of sensations which was exactly the opposite of what she felt when she was conversing with Mrs. Jamieson and planning her escape. Just when you think that Carla is a hero, she unexpectedly shows her flaws. At the beginning of the story, I thought that Mrs. Jamieson was the antagonist in the story because of Carla’s reaction when she saw her driving along the road. She even thought in her mind, â€Å"Let it not be her.† In the end though, I realize that Mrs. Jamieson

Charging Children as Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Charging Children as Adults - Essay Example With matters dealing with criminal justice, the method is not much different. First, the issue has to be stated, then it is discussed, and conclusions are drawn. Where steps look like they may have been skipped, the research objectives are within the job description of solving crime, and methodology and data collection is done during the discussion of the issue if it has not been done already. The matter at hand for this discussion is that of charging children as adults for the crimes they commit. When children are charged as adults for crimes, it can leave a permanent mark on their record that they will never be able to outlive. It is believed by some that this method of criminal justice will serve as a warning to those who would otherwise do harm to others, saving untold numbers of people from harm and homicide. Others believe that the children who are sentenced to these kinds of charges are from states of disenfranchisement, with matters only made worse by the fact that where they once did not believe they would overcome their situations, they are now supported in their own conclusions, guaranteeing them a life of less opportunity than those who may commit the same crimes, but do not suffer the same consequences as a result of the advocacy they receive from their community. In conducting researching for issues in the criminal justice system, the two most common methods are quantitative and qualitative (Maxfield; Babbie, 23). Quantitative analysis is that which deals with concrete facts, or quantities.

Nursing administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Nursing administration - Research Paper Example Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of Magnet status. Buffington, et al (2012) studied factors in nurses retention and reported they left due to lack of support and recognition. Laschinger, Leitev, Day & Gilin (2009) reported that leaving of experienced nurses caused secondary turnouts due to workforce pressure, and caused lack of job satisfaction. Magnet status takes care of these problems by building an overall professionally sound organisation. The Magnet recognition is a time consuming detailed process involving organizational efforts to develop required systems, procedures and practices. It involves comprehensive development on the part of the organization as well as its units. After detailed appraisal if the organization meets the requirements, site visits are planned followed by public comment. The original Magnet ® research study conducted in 1983 found that those organizations that were successful in recruiting and retaining nurses during the shortages of nurses faced in the 1970s and 1980s had certain characteristics which differentiated them from other organizations. These fourteen characteristics remain known as the ANCC Forces of Magnetism which form the basis of the conceptual framework of ANCC recognition and maintenance of Magnet ® status. These forces of Magnetism available at the website (http://www.nursecredentialing.org/ForcesofMagnetism.aspx) are attributes or outcomes that exemplify or form the basis of nursing excellence. Expression of full forces of magnetism implies high quality professional environment in the organization at every level, where the nursing is guided by a strong and visionary nursing leader. This leader is a senior functionary who advocates and supports excellence in nursing practice, and in turn is also responsible for the continued m aintenance of the organizations Magnet ® status. The Magnet ® recognition program has three basic goals and

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Communication - Essay Example The story kept me in suspense. There was no predictability in the plot, which always kept you guessing as to what will happen to the characters. I was half-way through the story and yet I cannot anticipate how the story will end. The main issues in the story remain unresolved even after the story ended. The story keeps running on my mind because I am trying to process the story. There is no clarity and closure even at the end. All throughout the story, I seem to be waiting for a greater surprise as to what will be the ending. The author’s style is to slowly bring the reader to the awareness of the twist in the story. The theme of running away is repeated all throughout and it is presented as an unacceptable option. The story depicts several forms of complicated relationships. The relationship between romantic partners, that of Clark and Carla, the relationship between a parent and a child, that of Carla and her parents and the relationship between friends, that of Carla and Mr s. Jamieson. â€Å"Runaway† also presents the inner struggles of a woman, her weaknesses and her strengths. It shows how sometimes a woman acts differently outside, not letting her inner being reflect her actions. The story is presented in a lucid and vivid manner but I am confused whether I like the characters or not. All the characters in the story starting from Carla, Clark, and Mrs. Jamieson surprise me as to their real persona. They are not predictable. I just cannot anticipate their actions. Munro’s writing style is one wherein she predicts her readers’ thoughts and perceptions and then she disproves the readers’ expectations by writing the opposite of what they expect. This is one quality that I admire in Munro’s literary style. It kept me at the edge of my seat. The characters are described in details which reflect true to life people. It is through this detailed characterization that one can feel an emotional attachment to the characters. I just cannot stop thinking about the characters even after reading the story. I had to analyze each character and explain to myself why they reacted in a certain way when faced with the situations in the story. I also cannot stop wondering what will happen to them in the future. Carla, the main character of â€Å"Runaway† suffered from indecision all throughout the story. Carla depicts a character with an impulsive emotion. She feels lost but she has no roots. I think Carla thought she could run away from her husband but she was actually incapable of doing so. As described in Bruner’s ten features of narrative, I can say that running away from Clark is her intentional state but as we can see from the ending of the story, her intentional state did not determine the ending of story. She wanted to runaway but later on changed her mind. She wanted to change her life abruptly but suddenly while in the bus decides to get-off. There seems to be an onset of a different set of sensations which was exactly the opposite of what she felt when she was conversing with Mrs. Jamieson and planning her escape. Just when you think that Carla is a hero, she unexpectedly shows her flaws. At the beginning of the story, I thought that Mrs. Jamieson was the antagonist in the story because of Carla’s reaction when she saw her driving along the road. She even thought in her mind, â€Å"Let it not be her.† In the end though, I realize that Mrs. Jamieson

Nursing administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Nursing administration - Research Paper Example Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of Magnet status. Buffington, et al (2012) studied factors in nurses retention and reported they left due to lack of support and recognition. Laschinger, Leitev, Day & Gilin (2009) reported that leaving of experienced nurses caused secondary turnouts due to workforce pressure, and caused lack of job satisfaction. Magnet status takes care of these problems by building an overall professionally sound organisation. The Magnet recognition is a time consuming detailed process involving organizational efforts to develop required systems, procedures and practices. It involves comprehensive development on the part of the organization as well as its units. After detailed appraisal if the organization meets the requirements, site visits are planned followed by public comment. The original Magnet ® research study conducted in 1983 found that those organizations that were successful in recruiting and retaining nurses during the shortages of nurses faced in the 1970s and 1980s had certain characteristics which differentiated them from other organizations. These fourteen characteristics remain known as the ANCC Forces of Magnetism which form the basis of the conceptual framework of ANCC recognition and maintenance of Magnet ® status. These forces of Magnetism available at the website (http://www.nursecredentialing.org/ForcesofMagnetism.aspx) are attributes or outcomes that exemplify or form the basis of nursing excellence. Expression of full forces of magnetism implies high quality professional environment in the organization at every level, where the nursing is guided by a strong and visionary nursing leader. This leader is a senior functionary who advocates and supports excellence in nursing practice, and in turn is also responsible for the continued m aintenance of the organizations Magnet ® status. The Magnet ® recognition program has three basic goals and

The Impact Of Technology On Customers Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of Technology On Customers Essay Customer is the most important component of any business. The globally popular slogan customer is king or customer is god indicates the importance of customers to businesses. Hence, if the organizations are hugely customer centric in their approach, they are rightly so. Customer centricity refers to the orientation of a company to the needs and behaviors of its customers. Any pivotal functional change being considered to be incorporated by the decision makers of an organization is always first studied for its impact on the current and expected customers of the company’s products. One of the most common form of change that companies usually bring in their organization is the up-gradation of the existing technology used by the company. Post Industrialization era , technology has become one of the most important feature of an organization. It is one of the hot topics among the business world. More and more business enterprises , large or small, are trying to incorporate the latest available technology into their operations. This notion is substantiated by the fact that the popular business firms now have a separate technology sections, and information systems departments as a very critical component of the organization. The importance of the whole information technology field is that it is designed to make people and organizations more faster, knowledgeable, efficient, and profitable. A key advantage of the information systems is to be able to simplify organizational structures. In fact firms with well-developed management information systems lend themselves to a move towards flat structures. Irrespective of the complexity of the system or the size of the organization, the incorporation of new technology or information systems will accompany change by and large in the entire organization. The importance of information technology and its impact on the organization is emphasized by Nadler, who states perhaps the largest single influence on organizational architecture and design has been the evolution of information technology. [Gerstein, p. 5]. The mode of implementing the new technology can be either indigenous or it can brought at a suitable price from another company selling the technology. In the former case need for co-ordination is only one sided (within the organization) but in the later type a very well coordinated relationship has to be maintained with the enterprise selling the technology as well as within the organization so that the training and the transition process is smooth. The implementation of information systems and technology in general can be a boon to an organization by being part of a transformation that results in fundamental improvement. Although in the beginning their may be some repulsion towards acceptance of the new technological change but with proper managerial support and education they can be certainly overcome. Nonetheless, the efficiency gained from technology and associated information systems will generally serve as the precursor to eventual acceptance of the change. The benefits of improved coordination and increased supervision even replace the need for tall, hierarchical organizations. In fact firms with well-developed management information systems lend themselves to a move towards flat structures. One author warns that de-layering is not right for every organization and should not be done indiscriminately. (Nelson, p. 56) The impact of new technology and information systems does not limit itself only to the organization its also hugely influences firms relationship with suppliers or customers. As the new technologies and information systems are adopted by the firms, the technology level of the firm is emerging as an important variable of inter-organizational relationships. The influence of technology levels on the customer-supplier interactions is explicit. Drawing on the marketing and social exchange literature, a set of research propositions in terms of major characteristics of interaction processes with the customers is part of the process. The technology implementation process must view the customer as both the purchaser and user of the new technology. With this perspective, demand evolves not just through compositional changes but also through how customers evaluate and use a technology. These components of demand progression emphasizes how competition shifts in an industry and the effects of disruptive technological changes. On systematic analysis of the demand evolution and its influence on industry competition with respective to the technology it can be observed that customers tend to study the market thoroughly before making a choice. Demand evolution in terms of customers is switching from valuing different product features to price as the products satisfy their functional thresholds (or preferences). Adner and Levinthal 2001] A process in which customer understanding and technological development co-evolve as customers and the technology move from an uncertain, generalized understanding of the technology to a more determinate and specified interpretation [Clark (1985]. The customer, evolves in ways that are interrelated to firms innovating a new technology. The source of competitive advantage lies in the interplay between firms adapting and the environment selecting. Creative and strategic management of how customers understand and use a technology should be an important competitive factor in the industries. Customers can change how they value a technology through learning new uses, then firms have an incentive to re-engage in product innovation after technical standardization. Customers may interpret the technology differently or may adapt it to their local conditions and requirements, generating variety in how users actually deploy products. Moreover, as customers use new products, they may learn new ways of using the technology, which affects their future purchasing and deployment decisions. In order to educate the customer about the new technology being used and its after effects it is very important that the customers are correctly informed and educated about it by the company and its public relationship department. A triangular relationship exists between communication channels, companies, the customer. The choice of communication technology is the key to building a successful brand relationship with any given existing or prospective consumer. This decision of promoting the technology however also needs intervention of the marketing department in order to creatively bring the brand to market. This allows the sale of the technology along with the product it is associated with. Once of the significant trends in consumer marketing is the advent of multi-channel marketing of products and services. This is exactly where the communication technology comes into picture. Given this the new technology, channels of communications are evolving at a speed that no one can keep up with. Organizations are using direct channels such as the Internet, catalogue channels and other channels such as brick-and-mortar environments, either to seamlessly integrate their offerings across all channels or to use these different channels to segment consumers and implement differential marketing strategies. Revolutionary innovation of the technology like e-mail, e-commerce, Internet and websites, cell phones and laptop have opened up a new world of marketing communication. A fundamental change has occurred and marketers need to rethink their promotional strategies. Today the customer has the opportunity make a suitable choice, by accessing the website or sending an e-mail. All relevant information must be made accessible and user friendly so the customers are easily able to acquire what they seek. Many market research companies are now-a-days using the wireless devices and interactive voting systems to obtain an instant feedback from their customers. These wireless devices are also used for dynamic promotion and pricing – for example electronic coupons as consumers shop, quantity discounts, auction pricing for certain items or bidding against other shoppers are common strategies of obtaining high end immediate response of their product. Interactive voting is one of the most successful revenue generating Interactive TV applications. Voting can be used to encourage the first time users to interact with programs and advertising, thus helping viewers become familiar with Interactive TV. Voting changes the dynamics of the viewer’s experience from a passive, one-way communication to a two-way exchange that draws in the audience by allowing viewers to interact with and influence the program. Thus, it has been proven that the use of advanced technologies to complement the more traditional channels can lead to much more efficient and effective market communication techniques at significantly reduced cost. The technological development and its incorporation first in the organization and then finally impacting the customers of the business has been explained below with two actual examples. The foundation for the purpose of this research has been created by a prospective study to explore the impact of application of e-commerce on the Iranian insurance industry. In order to fulfill the purpose of this study, a frame of reference has been emerged based on a vast literature review. With the focus at quantitative research as a general approach and descriptive research as the type of research in this study, a structured questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. To accomplish this, a survey of 258 people (in almost all active insurance companies in Iran) has been carried out. The respondents from almost every department within the targeted insurance companies were randomly chosen. We have focused on the perception of insurers regarding the subject of study, and thus, the perception of other stakeholder such as insurance agents/brokers and even their customers have been suggested for future research, due to limitation and demarcation of this research. This dissertation has been organized in the seven chapters. An introduction this study, problem statements and research questions were presented in chapter one. The second chapter was devoted to literature review. The emerged frame of reference was provided in the third chapter and our research methodology was discussed in the fourth chapter. Data presentation and analysis were done in accordance with the research questions and the frame of reference in chapter five and six, respectively. Finally, in the last chapter findings and conclusions were drawn by answering the research questions. With respect to the findings, we conclude that the Iranian insurance companies were positively looked at e-commerce and its application in their companies. Their attitude and views toward e-commerce was positive so that they found that e-commerce would be an opportunity rather than a challenge or even a threat for insurance industry. They highly believed that e-commerce would affect on insurance companies and, thus, their companies should embrace e-commerce. Lack of skilled staffs in e-commerce application and scarcity of IT experts were the most infrastructure requirements which they found that the Iranian insures were suffering from. Whereas they were well equipped with hardware and networking as well as general and professional insurance software required in e-commerce applications. Lagging of other supportive sectors (e. g. , e-Banking and Telecommunications), lack of appropriate legislation and regulation (e. g. copy right, digital signature), low Internet usage and fewer users, traditionally attitudes and views over the companies and scarcity of skilled staffs were the five top major obstacles which would hinder the Iranian insurers to embrace e-commerce. E-commerce is potentially applicable to marketing and sales as well as RD with respect to insurance value chain. On the other hand, as far as insurance products concern, auto (motor) insurance, marine and aviation, life insurance and fire insurance were highly perceived to suitabl e to e-commerce (sale online). Finally, the Iranian insurance companies were chiefly believed that in the case of e-commerce application they would get these top five benefits: brand and image promotion (as a pioneer and modern company), extended corporation with partners (specially in the reinsurance cases), lower invest for establishing the sales and after sales services network, cost reduction in value chain management (e. . product/service development) and decentralization and no restrictions imposed by national borders [Aarabi and Bromideh, 2006] Information technology was also a core element of the turnaround of Union Pacific Railroad. The overall goal was to eliminate layers of unnecessary middle management, increase their efficiency, and improve customer service radically. Accomplishing this goal would not have been possible without the technology implemented in their revised, centralized operations. All customer service functions were consolidated into one National Customer Service Center in St Louis, where customers could b e given up to the minute information on their shipments and UPs schedules. This in turn, is made possible by the worlds largest computer controlled dispatching facility located in Omaha, Nebraska. In this facility, a 100 yard long screen displays all of the railroads trains and 10,000 miles of track and constantly monitors the movements of each by means of electronic sensors on the train cars [Kupfer, p. 142] Their success at implementing this technology along with the other accompanying changes, both formal and informal, enabled UP to make a dramatic turnaround. From this discussion and the examples given, it is apparent that technology is a critical element of organizational transformation and customer decisions..

The Introduction To Applying Game Theory Politics Essay

The Introduction To Applying Game Theory Politics Essay Game theory is the formal study of conflict and cooperation. Game theoretic concepts apply whenever the actions of several agents are interdependent. These agents may be individuals, groups, firms, or any combination of these. The concepts of game theory provide a language to formulate, structure, analyze, and understand strategic scenarios (Turocy, 2001). This paper will conclude a short concept of the Game theory, introducing 2 fundamental types of the theory, an introduction to the current issue over Irans nuclear program and applying the game theory by examining the case of a possible war over Irans nuclear program using key information sources from academic publications, news articles, and government/non-governmental reports, which the main players are Iran and Israel, and having the United States as a secondary player. * note that the results from the game theory is by the writers research on the related case study and the writers self-thoughts, thus does not exactly predict the outcomes of the case study. Introduction to the Game theory In real life it frequently happens that you would be faced to make a decision or to choose the best choice from several options. For instance, you might need to decide whether to invest your money for a masters degree or keep on working with your current education. Another instance could be that you wanted chocolate ice cream but the seller has only strawberry ice cream and you have to either choose it or not. In both of the examples, the results depend on your own decision based on self-minded. In the first case, it depends on your ultimate goal at the time. In the second case, it depends on whether you really want ice cream or not, not just considering the flavor. We can model situations like these using Game theory. The Game theory is one of the models that represent the various options and payoffs in a matrix and can then calculate the best single possible strategy or combination of strategies which simplifies real-world phenomena into a more theoretically form, so that we could easily interpret the sense of it. The mathematician Emile Borel suggested a formal theory of games in 1921, which was furthered by the mathematician John von Neumann in 1928 in a theory of parlor games. Game theory was established as a field in its own right after the 1944 publication of the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern. This book provided much of the basic terminology and problem setup that is still in use today (Turocy, 2001). This central concept of non-cooperative game theory turned to be the focal point of analysis. Since the 1960s, game theory was broadened theoretically and applied to problems of international relations, including war, terrorism, crisis bargaining, deterrence, and economic sanctions. Incorporated with game models, the application of game theory is to international relations give rise to a large number of important empirical questions. Game models, such as the Prisoners Dilemma, described later in the paper, can help illuminate important substantive issues of international affairs, including how and why actors evolve their policies, based on goals and anticipated benefits in the negotiation processes (Dougherty, 1996). Fundamentals of the Game theory In short, game theory deals with any problem in which each players strategy depends on what the other players do. Game theory simply extends this concept to interdependent decisions, in which the options being evaluated are functions of the players choices (Field, 2009). First of all, we will have to learn about the definition of the words used in the game approach and some simple rules of the game: Because game theory arose from the analysis of competitive scenarios, the problems are called games and the participants are called players. -To begin with, despite the rubric game, the object is not to win. Even for strictly competitive games, the goal is simply to identify ones optimal strategy. -In gaming, players actions are referred to as moves. The role of analysis is to identify the sequence of moves that you should use. A sequence of moves is called a strategy, so an optimal strategy is a sequence of moves that results in your best outcome. There are a lot of theoretical approaches to the game theory, in this paper will present the use of two particular fundamentals of the theory. The first one is the sequential-move game, the players must alternate moves; in the second one is the simultaneous game, which the players can act at the same time. These types are distinguished because they require different analytical approaches. We will come back to apply both games to our study case: a potential war over Irans nuclear program, in which before getting to analyze on the sequential and simultaneous games, it is very important that we get to know the background of our case study first as presented in the next section. Irans Nuclear Program 1. Background Iran has pursued a nuclear program for over four decades. Throughout the history of Irans nuclear program, there has been criticism among their neighboring countries and the Western countries, assuming that Irans nuclear program that they claim to be a civilian nuclear power program has always been a covert military application to build nuclear weapons. Irans first steps toward nuclear capability date back to the time of the Shah. These efforts have continued under the post-revolution Islamic Republic. In 1995, with the signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Iran has a right to develop nuclear technology for peaceful, civilian purposes, excluding developing a nuclear weapon. Irans leadership continues to insist it adheres to these conditions. However, the general temptations nuclear weapons offer in terms of perceived prestige and security, together with Irans pattern of deception and concealment of important elements of its program, have raised doubts about its true intentions.For example, Iran failed to disclose the existence of a large uranium enrichment facility at Natanz or a plutonium separation plant at Arak to the International Atomic Energy Agency until after a disclosure from an exile group in 2002 (Carpenter, 2006). If Irans real intention is to obtain and develop a nuclear weapon, we must understand of why the government is pursuing such an approach that could lead to disastrous implications among the country. Deterrence, both regional and extra-regional, is one of the most important considerations. Iran is located in a volatile region, surrounded by hostile neighbors. Russia, Israel, Pakistan, and India all have nuclear weapons already, so regional deterrence issues probably loom large for Iran (Albright, 2012). Such arms could be used to intimidate their neighbors to accept Iranian primacy or listen to their demands over those of the United States or Israel. In addition to President George W. Bushs statement during his presidency axis of evil speech, linking Iran to Iraq and North Korea came as a prelude to an invasion and occupation of Iraq, which comes to the assuming that Iran could be the next hit target on the United States list (Quillen, 2002). 2. Perspectives toward the program Israel Most of Israels political and security apparatus view Irans nuclear program from a unified perspective, it is one of the top priority issues for the government. There remains four points that serve as a consensus toward Iran: first, is that Iran is committed to maintain a nuclear program with the objective of developing nuclear weapons; second is that Iran seeks to become the regions hegemon and that they see Israel as the obstacle to achieve this goal; third, Irans insistence on its NPT agreement of pursuing a peaceful nuclear program (if that were their main purpose); the last, as a nuclear power, Iran would exercise greater sway with its weaker Arab neighbor-states in which currently support Israels position to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. If Iran could develop this capability, many Arab states could be forced to ally themselves with Iran due to strategic necessity and national security (Ben-Meir, 2010). Toward to this respect, Israel has concluded that, it is deemed necessary to prevent Iran from developing and acquiring nuclear weapons, thus leading the governments decision to enhance their special ties with the United States which is pursuing the same policy of preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons. United States Two sets of concerns toward Irans nuclear program are emphasized along with U.S. national security policies in the Middle East region. First, as Irans history of being a tribune to Islamic revolutions and sponsoring terrorist groups such as Hezbollah, U.S. government fears that such tide would enhance the possibility of the transfer of nuclear weapons to those groups, with or without official approval from Irans leadership. Also, the very possession of nuclear weapons by Iran which opposes to U.S. presence in the region, allies, interests, and values would alter the balance of power in the Middle East in ways that could constrain U.S. options in future regional crises (Rhodes, 2005). Second, this concern has less to do with Iran per se than the impact of an additional nuclear-capable state on the global non-proliferation regime. Cases such as the break-out by India and Pakistan in the late 1990s, and the rise of North Korea with its development of nuclear weapons, an o bvious failure of the NPT system could produce a domino effect among countries that want to acquire such technology. This would also increase the opportunities for unauthorized or accidental use of nuclear weapons and even leading to the worst case scenario of terrorist groups or organized crime networks possessing those weapons. 3. Current newspaper articles on Irans nuclear program We will take a look on the current issue from several related newspaper articles. Iran has developed a nuclear program that it stated is for peaceful purposes and power generation in the nation. However, it is also known that any country with a well-developed peaceful nuclear program has also attained the capability to quickly build a nuclear weapon. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has said that medium-level uranium enrichment has begun at the Fordo plant near the Holy city of Qom, north of Tehran (Kanchanalak, 2012). The state of diplomacy between Iran, Israel, and the U.S. demonstrates on the West and Israels attempts to use the IAEA, the United Nations, and international sanctions against Iran have failed to encourage cooperation.  Apparent diplomatic road rage has set in between at least Iran and Israel, which will likely prove deleterious for peace (Riazi, 2012). Looking upon Israel, it is a country that lives in perpetual existential fear for its security. Israel is known for its track record of pre-emptive strikes against nuclear targets in the region. In 1981, it bombed the Osirak reactor in Iraq, and recently in 2007, it attacked a facility in Syria that it believed was intended to be a nuclear reactor. However, Iran, unlike those two countries, presents a much more challenging military and economic question (Kanchanalak, 2012). For Iran, it would likely not back down off the nuclear program and would definitely use self-defense tactics against any attacks from Israel and countries abroad. Evidently if Israel decides to attack, it would leverage non-state assets, such as its relationships with Hezbollah, the Hamas, and other Palestinian actors, to pummel Israel, and its populace would unite behind it. It would also likely use IRGC-Quds Force hit squads to target Israeli interests abroad.  The US would face a complex dilemma if Iran uses the Quds Force in such a manner, as well as  if Iran counter-attacked by striking Israel overtly (Riazi, 2012). Irans supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, countered on a televised program stated that Iran will respond in kind when appropriate, and that sanctions will not alter Irans nuclear ambitions. Khamenei furthered that sanctions, in fact, have encouraged Irans military to become more self-reliant. The Iranian navy could also lay mines to close off the Strait of Hormuz a vital oil artery and send the oil price to over US$200 a barrel (Cordesman, 2006). As proud people Iranians would face humiliation if they responded weakly. However, there is one thing that they really do not want, that is domestic interference and military assaults from the United States. Applying Game Theory By reading and examining the key information sources on the background, perspectives, and news articles above, we now apply the Game theory to the current issues over Irans nuclear program, which in this paper will focus on two game approaches, the sequential-move game, and the simultaneous game. 1. The Sequential-move game To analyze a sequential-move game, first construct a game tree mapping out all of the possibilities. Then follow the basic rule: look ahead and reason back (Field, 2009): 1. Look ahead to the very last decision, and assume that if it comes to that point, the deciding player will choose his/her optimal outcome (the highest payoff, or otherwise most desirable result). 2. Back up to the second-to-last decision, and assume the next player would choose his/her best outcome, treating the following decision as fixed (because we have already decided what that player will pick if it should come to that). 3. Continue reasoning back in this way until all decisions have been fixed. Now lets apply the game approach to our study case. Iran has decided whether to continue on or stop their current nuclear program. By attaining the information from the previous section (Irans nuclear program) we should be able to conclude the game as follow: à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡1 Now we can look ahead and reason back. Looking ahead, if Iran continues on with the nuclear program and follows until the last path, it will be that either Iran has to downplay the situation and surrender or choose to use self-defense tactics, thus worsening the scenario. More than likely, if Iran continues on with their nuclear program, a regional conflict will spark up. Reasoning back, we now know that if Iran chooses to stop the program at first or face downplay and losses at the last choice, the issue would likely not turn to be regional but at least controllable around the area. We end this section with a few observations before moving on to simultaneous games. First, notice that looking ahead and reasoning back determines not just one players optimal strategy, but those for all players. It is called the solution to the game. Once it has been determined, it is irrelevant whether or not the game is actually played, as no one can possibly do better than the solution dictates (Field, 2009). That is why the concept of winning does not really apply. Sequential games are determined, so ultimately, there are only two choices: either the player with the last decision gets his/her best outcome, or the game is not played. 2. The Simultaneous game For this game approach we will take a look at the simplest but most famous example set called the Prisoners dilemma. For this paper the writer will assume that readers have a small knowledge about this game set already, thus this section will begin analyzing and adapting the game to the study case without going through the intro of the dilemma. Same as the sequential-move game, we attain the same information for analyzing. For an easier way of interpreting the information to create the dilemma, you first need to breakdown the facts from the information: Iran Priority is to continue with the nuclear program without interference from abroad (esp. Israel) Israel Priority is to get Iran to stop the nuclear program without military action. Now as the case has been simplified, we can demonstrate the game set. Iran shall have two basic choices: (1) to stop the program, or (2) continue on the program. Israel will also have two choices: (1) to attack, or (2) not attack. à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 The choices are illustrated in the diagram above. The numbers in the boxes refer to the consequences of the decisions. Irans gains and losses are represented by numbers in the lower left corners of the boxes, and Israels gains and losses are represented by numbers in the upper right corners. Look at the box labeled B. The scenario portrayed in box B is that Iran stops the nuclear program and Israel does not attack. If this happens, Iran would not achieve its main objective but Israel, as the result of Iran stopping the program, thus not attacking, does achieve their primary objective. For this scenario Iran loses, receiving -1 and Israel gains, receiving 1. Meanwhile taking another look at box C, Iran would continue on the program and Israel decides to attack. If this happens, Iran will achieve an objective, which is to continue on the program, but only at the cost of having Israel to interfere by attacking. Irans gains and loses cancel each other out, and this results is represented by a 0. Israel, in box C scenario, decides to attack since Iran continued on the program, thus does not accomplish the objective of having Iran stop the program and not attack Iran. In this case Israel loses both its objective so receives a -1 in the box. Looking at all the boxes one at a time, the whole pattern of possible choices and consequences becomes clear. We could also expand the game, instead of having only 2 variables, lets try using 5 variables. The game theory matrix would now have twenty-five boxes (55) instead of four (22). à  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ²Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡3 For this game we also attain more information for analyzing: Iran Priority is to continue with the nuclear program without interference from abroad (esp. Israel) Will comply with IAEA if given permission to continue with the nuclear program Would use self-defense tactics if Israel or countries abroad attacks Would close out the Strait of Hormuz if being attacked and the international sanctions are lifted up. Israel Priority is to get Iran to stop the nuclear program without military action. A diplomatic resolution is desired if Iran stops the nuclear program U.S. government/military has no intentions of getting involved if Iran stops the nuclear program International sanctions will be lifted up if Iran continues on with the nuclear program. Many more consequences are now possible as shown in the diagram above. We now see that game theory helps political scientists analyze and think thoroughly all the possibilities of combination as of decisions and the possible costs and consequences of those decisions. Conclusion International relations and politics in general are complex. The events we observe at the macro-level (e.g., wars, trade, and terrorism) are driven by many events and decisions that occur at the micro-level (e.g., in war: elite decision-making, domestic politics, culture). The tool that political scientists use to make sense of this complexity is modeling. One of the populist models is the game theory. Game theory can be used to design credible commitments, threats, or promises, or to assess propositions and statements offered by others. In using the game theory on predicting possible consequences for our study case, we can see clearly the possible outcomes on which the players (Iran and Israel) decide to choose. This paper has attempted, through using two game theory models, to look into the current conflict between the two countries over Irans nuclear program. As per examining the provided key information sources, it is clearly seen that the main problem is the absence of mutual trust between the two countries, high prestige and different views of national security, which had forced both of them to opt for a decision in their nuclear game with the highest cost for the other side. Definitely that a nuclear-armed Iran would spur proliferation in the Middle East region, increase regional instability, and increase the chance of nuclear war. If Iran chooses to continue on with the nuclear program, it will have to face consequences in which both Iran and Israel tend on avoiding. And if Iran continues on with the program, it could also trigger the possible conflict to a wider arena which would be disastrous to all players. While at every step of the game it may be favorable for either party to insist on its claims, the long-term resolution may be somewhat different. In anyway, this is only a tool for analytical and to interpret information to a theoretical approach which leads to a more simplified way of studying the possible outcomes and the consequences of the study case.